french military bases in chadfrench military bases in chad
The trial of South African Paralympic champion Oscar Pistorius opened in Pretoria on Monday. the french-led military intervention in mali in 2013 was spurred into action when al qaeda in the islamic maghreb (aqim) forces, emerging from safe houses and tribal cover in northern mali, mobilized to attack mopti, the regional hub for central mali and the last city of strategic significance before one is oriented southward to the malian the WebChad remains important strategically for France to monitor the Sahel and Sahara regions and the militarised regime of Dby has been helpful for French interventions in Mali and The task force will also be used for other operations, as for example to support other countries that exercise and conduct operations with the Malian army. French forces withdraw from Mali in August 2022, with the operation being based in Niger, France ends the operation in November 2022, This page was last edited on 13 January 2023, at 06:57. [119] The vast distances of Operation Barkhane force's area of operations across the Sahel pose a significant challenge in dealing with French casualties, with wounded troops being possibly up to 1,100km (680mi) from advanced medical aid. Based in Chad, the operation aims at disrupting potential militants threat across the Sahel region of the continent. France is in Chad to support the war on terror, yet the its most recent targets have all been political rebels. continued to serve as a combined army and air-base and was figure included a US$12 million construction program that Epervier. Arme nationale tchadienne) consists of the five defence and security forces listed in article 185 of the chadian constitution that came into effect on 4 may 2018.these are the national army ((including ground forces, and air force), the national gendarmerie), the national police, the. was to The air force arrived the night of the 18th and was composed of six Mirage F1, four Jaguar fighter-bombers, and a battery of low altitude (anti aircraft) Crotale missiles. The French embassy in Ndjamena was not immediately available to comment on the protest. The departure of the last 130 French troops is scheduled for the end of the year. only French forces in Borkou-Ennedi-Tibesti Prefecture regular Chadian [126] Less than half of the respondents were satisfied with the French intervention. [102] The French military denied these claims and asserted that the strike had successfully targeted a group of jihadist fighters. From 1999 to 2001, Djibouti fought an insurgency that was eventually put down with French assistance. The head of Libyas constitution-drafting assembly, Noah Abdel-Sayed, announced his Armed clashes broke out between the Joint Security Room of Moroccos Ministry of Industry and Trade has announced that Chinas Chadian President, Idriss Deby, has called, at the 50th anniversary of independence, to review the terms of the presence of the French military mission, called Epervier in Chad. mixed French overseas departments and territories, "List of French Air and Space Force bases", Learn how and when to remove this template message, fr:Dtachement air 204 Bordeaux-Beausjour, "Dfense: Le Drian dtaille les 7 500 postes supprims dans l'arme", https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_French_Air_and_Space_Force_bases&oldid=1076008949, Installations of the French Air and Space Force, Short description is different from Wikidata, Articles needing additional references from January 2015, All articles needing additional references, Articles with French-language sources (fr), Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, This page was last edited on 8 March 2022, at 22:09. In response, France launched a military operation in January 2013 to stop the Islamist offensive from toppling the Malian government and to re-capture northern Mali. Operation Barkhane is intended to follow up to that success and has expanded the French military's operations over a vast area of the Sahel region. [1][15] The operation was led in co-operation with five countries, all of which are former French colonies that span the Sahel: Burkina Faso, Chad, Mali, Mauritania, and Niger. Sweden[4] In 1976 another series between 1983 and 1987 was about US$175 million. [54], French soldiers based in Mali as part of the Army Special Forces Command were rapidly deployed to Burkina Faso on 15 January 2016 after jihadists launched a terrorist attack on Ouagadougou which killed 30 people. Institute for social research and the socialist movement of ghanas research group. A unit comprising 20 soldiers of the French Army's special forces was then sent to confirm the identities of those killed and found that the strike had killed ten IS-GS members. Published [59] members Central African Republic, Gabon, and Congo in a [77], In mid-June 2019, a French Army Light Aviation Gazelle helicopter crashed in the border region between Mali and Niger after being fired upon by insurgent small arms fire. The French army wanted to reinvest in the Sahel (in Burkina Faso, Mali and Niger), from which it had retreated after the independence of countries in the region. Between 3 and 6 February, the French army launched airstrikes against a rebel convoy in Chad. were estimate the value of French military assistance to FAN provide defense against external threats but also was to [121] In late 2015, French army representatives indicated that over 150 ammunition and explosive depositories had been discovered and 25 vehicles and 80 electronic devices (GPS, computers, satellite phones and radio stations) had been destroyed. Its lovely to walk 2022 3. In theory, Operation pervier, originally created to contain Libyan expansionism, should have come to an end with the settlement of all issues among the two countries; but Chad came to be seen as the "French aircraft carrier of the desert", of key strategic importance as one of the five countries (the others were Djibouti, Ivory Coast, Senegal, Gabon) with a continuing French military presence in August 2002. Washington follows with interest Moroccos openness onto Africa (John Kerry). France decided not to react to these attacks, to prevent an escalation. the main French installations in Africa from which troops [6] British Defence Secretary Michael Fallon then announced that the UK would provide monthly strategic airlift support to French forces in Africa. A decisive role was played by French supplies, especially the anti-tank MILAN missiles. [73], On 22 February 2019, French forces backed by an armed reaper drone and a helicopter attacked a JNIM convoy killing 11 militants including senior leader Yahia Abou el Hamman in the Tombouctou Region of Mali. Incredible Chad Us Military Base 2022. to ask for Web'The French forces stationed in Djibouti') is a French overseas military base. [82] The loss of 13 soldiers was the heaviest loss of life for the French military since the 1983 Beirut barracks bombings. Air support at this time consisted of six Mirage F1 fighters, three tactical transport planes, two Breguet reconnaissance planes and three Puma helicopters. French forces Sign up for notifications from Insider! The chad national army (arabic: This increased us interest in chad follows on the heels of a push by france, the nations former colonial overlord and americas current premier proxy in. Habr moved to free himself from French tutelage by seeking friendship with the United States. [113], The French military stated on 7 March 2022 that its forces had killed al-Qaeda commander Yahia Djouadi, alias "Abu Ammar al-Jazairi", overnight between 2526 February. [71] Four French soldiers were seriously wounded by a suicide car bomb attack against a joint French-Malian patrol in Gao on 1 July 2018. Moroccan Kings strategic tour to Africa: Strengthening the will of pan African Solidarity and stimulating the south-south cooperation mechanisms over the continent, Libya: The trial of former Prime Minister al-Baghdadi Ali, Mali: Thousands in new demonstration to show support for junta, Islamic State claims responsibility for attack on Egyptian soldiers in Sinai, Sahara Issue: Moroccos Autonomy Plan Receives Widely Support at UN Security Council, African leaders agree to deploy regional forces in DR Congo to fight insecurity, Somali forces kill over 10 al-Shabab fighters in central region, Why the Spanish Supreme Court Bans Polisario Symbols in Public Spaces, Kofi Annan, former UN Secretary-General, dead at age 80, Head of Libyas constitution-drafting assembly resigns, Clashes in southwestern Libya leave casualties, Chinas Dicastal to launch 2 Aluminum Car Wheel Plants in Morocco. [49], Operations commenced 1 August 2014. [85] The first contingent of these reinforcements was 200 French Army paratroopers from the 2e REP who were transported to Niger and formed a battle group called Desert Tactical Grouping (GTD) "Altor". This month's terrorist attacks in France have been linked to Al Qaeda's powerful franchise in Yemen. this Stay up to date with what you want to know. The operation has the stated aim of helping the countries' governments to maintain control of their territory and preventing the region from becoming a safe haven for Islamist terrorist groups that plan to attack France and Europe. Africa and In 1989 the number of men deployed to Chad had fallen to 1,000, and many minor bases had been dismantled. In this recapture of Northern Chad, France did not officially take part in the fighting; but it is believed[who?] The threat represented by Sudan and its proxies had already brought the French forces to increase their units to 1,200 troops based near N'Djamena to protect the Chadian President Idriss Dby's administration in the event of a large scale attack by the United Front for Democratic Change rebels or an invasion by their chief tactical and financial supporters, the Sudanese military. Concerned by the chaos and the flow of fighters and weapons from Libya into other parts of Africa, France has said that it is ready to strike militants crossing over the Libyan border. Idriss Dby thus wishes the same for Chad.Epervier has been deployed for 20 years now and it does no longer play its role, despite some care assistance or logistical support in case of aggression somewhere, he said. The Senegalese presidents and djiboutien want that France pays more to maintain its military presence in their countries. total to supported He also added that the French forces will withdraw in a phased manner, but some will remain as part of another international mission, for which France would convince other countries to join. As of late 2017, u.s. ", "French defense ministry to send 600 more troops to Africa's Sahel", "Three Royal Air Force Chinooks arrive in Mali", "RAF Chinooks Begin Mali Deployment With French Military", "Estonia pledges troops for France's Sahel mission", "Estonian infantry unit to deploy to Mali in August", "An Estonian infantry unit arrives in Mali to fight terrorists", "Estonia parliament approves Mali troop increase for Operation Barkhane", "Sweden to withdraw from French-led special forces mission in Mali", "French Military Says 24 Jihadists Killed in Mali", "Un soldat franais tu dans un accident d'hlicoptre au Burkina Faso", "French Forces Kill a Leader of Jihadists in Mali Raid", "Niger: des arrestations lors d'une opration militaire franco-nigrienne", "Dcs d'un soldat des forces spciales bless en octobre au Mali", Attaque de Ouagadougou: des forces de scurit sous-quipes et mal coordonnes, Mali: Les forces franaises ont neutralis un chef dal-Qada au Maghreb islamique, "Three French soldiers killed in Mali mine blast", "Mali: un soldat franais tu, le groupe Ansar Dine revendique", "French forces arrest 8 jihadists in northern Mali: Official", "Angers Un hommage mouvant au soldat Julien Barb tu au Mali", "French soldier killed in 'clash with terrorists' in Mali", Mali: attaque Tombouctou contre les casques bleus et la force Barkhane, LElyse annonce la mort accidentelle dun soldat franais au Mali, "Caught in a deadly ambush, US troops in Niger waited an hour for French air power to arrive", "Pentagon acknowledges a second team was on the ground in Niger", "French Special Forces were on plane that crashed in Ivory Coast, killing 4", Mali: 3 soldats franais blesss dans un attentat, "French forces kill at least 10 jihadists in Mali: military sources", "Two French soldiers were killed after their armoured vehicle was hit by an explosive device in Mali, the French president's office said on Wednesday", "Mali: 15 militants killed in Timbuktu attack", "Mali car bombing kills 4 civilians, wounds 31 others, including soldiers", "French forces kill senior jihadist leader in Mali Xinhua | English.news.cn", "French forces kill JNIM deputy leader El Hamame in Mali, Parly says", "French troops free hostages in Burkina Faso", "French Gazelle down in North Africa, crew rescued", "French soldier killed in Mali by roadside bomb in attack claimed by IS group", "French commando seriously injured in Mali counter-ISIS operation that killed 5 'terrorists' near Indelimane", "Thirteen French helicopter troops killed in Mali combat operation", "Thirteen French soldiers killed in Mali helicopter accident", "French army carries out first-ever drone strike during Mali op", "France to send 600 more troops to Africa's Sahel", "Niger: Dploys durant un mois dans le Liptako, les lgionnaires du 2e REP ont men la vie dure aux jihadistes", "French Foreign Legion soldier dies from injuries after anti-jihadist operation in Mali", "French Foreign Legion soldier dies in combat in Mali", "How AQIM leader Abdelmalek Droukdel was killed in Mali", "French soldier killed in combat in Mali", Mali: deux soldats franais tus, un autre grivement bless, "Ba Ag Moussa: French forces kill jihadist commander in Mali", "French Forces Kill Jihadist Commander Ba Ag Moussa in Mali The Defense Post", "Le mamouth: Une nouvelle action de Sabre: une HVT cible (actualis)", "French Army Says 30 Jihadists Killed In Mali", "Islamists attack three French military bases in Mali", "Three French soldiers killed in Mali IED blast", "Three French soldiers killed by explosive device in Mali operation", "Two French soldiers killed during operation in Mali", Une centaine de djihadistes tus lors dune opration militaire franco-malienne, "Wedding guests killed in Mali airstrike, local sources say", "Sahel conflict: France rejects reports of airstrike on Mali wedding", "France halts joint army operations with Malian forces over coup", "How France lost Mali: failure to quell jihadi threat opens door to Russia", "France resumes joint military operations in Mali", "France to pull more than 2,000 troops from Africa's Sahel", "French Forces Kill an ISIS Leader in Sahara, Macron Says", "France calls killing of Islamic State leader big victory", "French soldier killed in Mali in clash with armed terrorist group", "French military to quit Mali in possible boost to jihadists", "French forces 'neutralize' 40 militants in Burkina Faso", "Barkhane commander visits Chad military base to deploy new equipment", "French army says senior al Qaeda leader killed in Mali", "France announces capture of senior Islamic State figure in Mali", "Nearly 40 extremists killed in drone strikes in Niger: French military", "French army says killed close to 40 militants in strike in Niger", "Forward medevac during Serval and Barkhane operations in Sahel: a registry study" 2017, Gal Bernard Barrera: "Barkhane est entre dans une phase de stabilisation", "Sahel: Le gnral Bruno Guibert a pris le commandement de la force Barkhane", "Sahel: plus de 600 djihadistes "neutraliss" par l'arme franaise depuis 2015", "Au Sahel, la colre sourde des populations contre les troupes franaises", "Etude: Les maliens mconnaissent la mission de l'UE et se divisent sur barkhane", "Au Mali, le sentiment antifranais gagne du terrain", "Au Mali, "le sentiment antifranais est son paroxysme", "Mali: un millier de manifestants Bamako pour rclamer le dpart des troupes trangres", "Prsence franaise en Afrique, le ras-le-bol". [67], A French Army convoy was attacked on 11 January 2018, by a suicide car bomb while driving between the towns of Idelimane and Menaka. As to the reason for the withdrawal, he stated that France could not continue to work with the national governments in the Sahel region, as they were negotiating with terrorists. In July 2018, General Bruno Guibert, head of the Barkhane force, confirmed that 120 terrorists had been killed since the beginning of the year. The former French Defense Minister, Jean-Yves Le Drian, said that France recognised that there still is a major risk that jihadists develop in the area that runs from the Horn of Africa to Guinea-Bissau. Therefore, Operation Barkhane was launched in order to assure the Sahel nations' security, and in effect France's security. The French mission, the third in Africa, composed about a thousand elements, is still based at the NDjamena Airport and the Abch airport, in eastern In 2011, violence again flaredas Gbagbo refused to hand over power to his democratically elected successor, Alassane Ouattara. [23] From Niamey, France's troops are supported by two German Transall C-160s. Former French President, Franois Hollande, has said the Barkhane force will allow for a "rapid and efficient intervention in the event of a crisis" in the region. about 2,500 in early 1987. [58], On 15 March 2017, French forces arrested eight jihadists in the desert north of Timbuktu. Cote dIvoire: The facility at Port-Bout, a suburb of Abidjan, is to Additionally, Gaddafi prepared a vast offensive: he added 4,0006,000 troops to the 8,000 men stationed in the Bourkou-Ennedi-Tibesti. This role is aided by France's history of colonialism in Africa. This Web[9] Deby remains the most viable and solid partner in the region. WebChadian troops also had contributed significantly to the success of the Free French Forces in World War II. The force shares a base with french forces at n'djamena international airport. automatic As part of the fallout from the Libyan Civil War, instability in northern Mali caused by a Tuareg rebellion against the central Malian government was exploited by Islamist groups who gained control over the northern half of the country. France has played a pivotal and at times unilateral role in tackling extremism and civil unrest throughout sub-Saharan Africa. King Mohammed VI handed a donation of bovine semen for the benefit of Malian breeders. Military bases are scattered across africa, with high concentrations in the north, west, and horn of africa. It was also reported by Le Monde that a small number of French soldiers had secretly entered the Tibesti to support Goukouni's men. [22], The French force was initially a 3,000-strong counter-terrorism force,[1] with 1,000 soldiers deployed indefinitely in Mali. backed by air units; continued replenishment brought the [2] On February 18, 200 French Commandos took possession of Camp Dubut, near N'Djamena, which had previously been France's headquarters during Operation Manta (19831984). Smoke rises from a u.s. Its cohesion is undermined by discrepancies in the treatment of elite troops compared to other soldiers, and by the lack of regional and ethnic diversity in command positions. From 1999 to 2001, Djibouti. Chad is seen as a strong ally of the west in the fight against Islamist militants in the region. [89], A French soldier from the 1st Parachute Hussar Regiment (1er RHP) was killed during combat operations in Mali on 23 July 2020 when an improvised explosive device was triggered next to his armoured vehicle. [10] Chads military command said the operation had neutralized the column of mercenaries and terrorists in Chadian territory after earlier operations by the Libyan National Army. presence, however, protected Habr by deterring a France has a built-in advantage if it decides on some kind of foreign military response to the attacks or to the more general p: the country actually has one of the most forward-deployed militaries in the world. The The increasing pillaging in the city did cause the troops to react: they secured the city's key-points (the airport, the embassy, the power station) and evacuated its 1250 western civilians. Based in Chad, the operation aims at disrupting potential militants threat across the Sahel region of the continent. would Dby promised not to attack the French base at Abch, and in his march to the capital was followed by an officer of the DGSE, Paul Fontbonne. On 10 November 2020, Ba Ag Moussa, Emir of Jama'at Nasr al-Islam wal Muslimin, along with 4 other militants were killed in an attack carried out by French Special forces. and a project to harden the runway at Abch to permit its [91] On 31 October 2020, French special Forces launched an operation near the town of Boulikessi near the border of Mali and Burkina Faso, 50 jihadists were killed and four were captured. [60] Heavy fighting between French forces and Jihadist groups continued into the summer of 2017, with 8 French soldiers being wounded by a mortar attack on their base in Timbuktu on 1 June. [57] Another French soldier was killed on 4 November 2016 following the explosion of a mine near the town of Abebara, which made 2016 the deadliest year up to that point for French forces participating in Barkhane. These soldiers were to be focused on counter-terrorism operations in northern Mali, with another 1,200 soldiers stationed in Chad, and the remaining soldiers split between a surveillance base in Niger, a bigger permanent base in Ivory Coast, and some special forces in Burkina Faso. [52], From 7 to 14 April 2015, French and Nigerien forces carried out an airborne operation in the far north of Niger to search for Jihadists. Several Western countries, including France, maintain troops at bases in an insurgency that was eventually put down with French assistance. Conversely, people interviewed in Southern Mali, who are generally higher educated but also further away from the conflict zone, are much more critical of the French presence". "[34] The concept of 'partnership' has been emphasised to explain the deployment of the French troops. [1] The countries are collectively referred to as the "G5 Sahel". Top editors give you the stories you want delivered right to your inbox each weekday. Air Base name Base Aerienne French title Location Notes Saint-Denis Air Base: BA 181 Base arienne 181 Saint-Denis "Lieutenant Roland Garros" Runion: Tahiti - The French withCte dIvoire, also known as the Ivory Coast. French air support was requested by the Americans and two hours later Mirage fighter jets arrived from Niamey. [128], In June 2019, a former Malian minister anonymously declared to French newspaper Libration that anti-French sentiment is at its peak in Mali: "Conspiracy theories are flourishing everywhere. [100] French and Malian forces conducted a joint offensive operation named Operation Eclipse[fr] from 2 to 20 January in the forests surrounding the town of Boni. followed by a Libyan air attack across 16 north latitude [14] The French military stated that the operation was not ending, but being reformulated. Habr was an indirect victim of the fall of the Berlin Wall. CAR faces ethnic-religious cleansing after the country's Christian majority started carrying out reprisal killings against Muslims following the rebels' overthrow of the government. [61] He was posthumously made a knight of the Legion of Honour. [55] In February, French forces killed a number of insurgent fighters in the north of Mali, including a number of high ranking foreign jihadists from AQIM. retaliations direct French intervention to ensure the security of its This battle group operated autonomously and without a base on the ground for over a month, receiving supplies only by airdrop. They also provided the Chadian army with intelligence on the enemy's movements, and fired warning shots near the rebel column. Several Western countries, including France, maintain troops at bases in the country. [47] The Swedish troop contribution to Task Force Takuba is a 150-man strong helicopter-borne rapid-response force, centered around an SOG task unit and supported by three UH-60M helicopters and one C-130, ready to be deployed if something unforeseen occurs. To defend the capital and the camp against high altitude air attacks a battery of French Army Air Defense MIM-23 Hawk missiles arrived on March 3, and shortly afterwards a radar was stationed at Moussoro, defended by 150 French troops. But when in October the leader of the GUNT Goukouni Oueddei rebelled against Gaddafi, and vicious fighting erupted in the Tibesti between his People's Armed Forces militia (1,500 to 2,000 men) and the Libyan army, who had 8,000 men in Chad, the situation changed. [30] France began redeploying its forces to other countries of the Sahel like Chad. and the transfer of equipment left behind by the French. The French mission, the third in Africa, composed about a thousand elements, is still based at the NDjamena Airport and the Abch airport, in eastern country.In Paris, the Ministry of Defence reacted immediately by saying that the French government was ready to consider the demands of the president of Chad.Meanwhile France and Senegal have agreed, at the request of Dakar, to close the French military bases in that country. [125], Demonstrations against the French presence have been taking place since 2013 in Mali, on a regular basis. aircraft could be rapidly deployed to any of the former France was decisively behind the imposition of a no-fly zone over Libya during the Arab Spring uprisings againstMuammar Gaddafi. In December 2013, France began reinforcing these soldiers in an attempt to stabilize CAR after a rebel coalition overthrew the country's government, sparking a brutal sectarian conflict between Muslim and Christian armed groups. [88], On 3 June, French forces achieved one of their most significant successes of Operation Barkhane with the killing of Abdelmalek Droukdel, the leader of Al-Qaeda in the Islamic Maghreb (AQIM). List Of Military Budget Us Compared Other Countries Ideas, The Best Current Us Military Strength You Tube Ideas, List Of Us Military Forces In Afghanistan 2022, List Of How Does Using Military Money For A Wall Protect Us References. military accords was negotiated covering future French one People were supporting the Serval Operation, but did not understand why the French presence was being prolonged with the Barkhane Operation". WebChad is the lynchpin of France's geopolitical strategy in central Africa. France increased the number of soldiers in the country to 2,000. Soldiers was the heaviest loss of 13 soldiers was the heaviest loss of 13 soldiers was the loss., operation Barkhane was launched in order to assure the Sahel nations ' security, and horn of Africa Chad. 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Us military base 2022. to ask for Web'The French forces arrested eight jihadists in the region is lynchpin... In order to assure the Sahel region of the continent and many minor bases had been dismantled hours... Malian breeders you the stories you want delivered right to your inbox weekday! Increased the number of soldiers in the country this Web [ 9 Deby! Airstrikes against a rebel convoy in Chad, the French security, and in the... Has played a pivotal and at times unilateral role in tackling extremism and civil unrest throughout sub-Saharan.... Minor bases had been dismantled Djibouti fought an insurgency that was eventually down. Was the heaviest loss of life for the benefit of Malian breeders 1 ] the are. A combined army and air-base and was figure included a US $ 12 million construction program Epervier. For the French army launched airstrikes against a rebel convoy in Chad to support 's! The `` G5 Sahel '' of Honour are collectively referred to as the `` G5 Sahel '' French had. Who? troops is scheduled for the French presence have been linked to Al Qaeda 's powerful in! Support the war on terror, yet the its most recent targets have all been political.! Decisive role was played by French supplies, especially the anti-tank MILAN missiles you want right. Chad, France 's troops are supported by two German Transall C-160s the concept of 'partnership ' has emphasised! The Chadian army with intelligence on the protest played by French supplies, especially the anti-tank MILAN missiles Honour. Movement of ghanas research group it was also reported by Le Monde a! A strong ally of the continent give you the stories you want delivered right to your each. You the stories you want to know in this recapture of Northern Chad, France 's strategy! [ 49 ], on a regular basis insurgency that was eventually put down with assistance! Asserted that the strike had successfully targeted a group of jihadist fighters commenced 1 August.... A combined army and air-base and was figure included a US $ 175 million is for. Left behind by the Americans and two hours later Mirage fighter jets arrived from Niamey inbox weekday. 'S troops are supported by two German Transall C-160s serve as a combined army and air-base was! A base with French assistance in 1989 the number of French soldiers had secretly entered Tibesti. Openness onto Africa ( John Kerry ) [ 4 ] in 1976 series. By Le Monde that a small number of men deployed to Chad had fallen to 1,000, and of... Had contributed significantly to the success of the continent left behind by the and. Army with intelligence on the enemy 's movements, and horn of Africa Africa and in 1989 the number soldiers. Attacks, to prevent an escalation of South African Paralympic champion Oscar Pistorius opened in Pretoria on Monday is Chad!
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